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Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Definition

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a way to treat brain disorders. It uses highly focused beams of radiation to target specific areas of the brain. It can also be used on other parts of the body, such as the spine. The beams of radiation destroy the tissue that a neurosurgeon would have removed during an operation.

Reasons for Procedure

SRS is used to:
  • Stop cancerous and noncancerous tumor growth
  • Shrink cancerous and noncancerous tumors
  • Close off arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)—abnormal blood vessels that disrupt blood flow to the brain
  • Treat disorders such as:
Brain Tumor
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Possible Complications

If you are planning to have SRS, your doctor will review a list of possible complications such as:
  • Headache
  • Temporary swelling at the treatment site, which may be associated with worsening of symptoms
  • Swelling, numbness, bleeding, or tingling around the sites where the head frame rests on the head
  • Skin irritation
  • Nausea
  • Seizures
  • Patchy hair loss from the radiation
  • Permanent injury to the location in the brain being treated
Rare complications may include:
  • Vision loss
  • Deafness
  • Bleeding
  • Nerve problems
The risk for complications is low. Increased age, chronic medical conditions, previous surgeries, or previous radiation treatments may increase this risk.

What to Expect

Prior to Procedure

You will receive treatment from your doctor and a team of others who specialize in radiation. Your doctor may do the following:
  • Perform a neurological exam to see how well your nervous system is functioning
  • Review your x-rays , CT scans , MRI scans , or other diagnostic test results
  • Order additional tests if necessary
Your doctor may ask if you:
  • Take medicine or insulin to control diabetes
  • Are allergic to IV contrast material—an injected substance that can make a tumor or other abnormality easier to see
  • Are allergic to iodine or shellfish—iodine is present in both shellfish and contrast material
  • Have a pacemaker or any other medical device implanted in your body
  • Have eye or ear implants
  • Have had any previous surgeries
  • Have ever had trauma to the skull
  • Suffer from claustrophobia
Leading up to your procedure:
  • Review your regular medicines with your doctor. You may be asked to stop taking some drugs.
  • Arrange for someone to:
    • Drive you to the treatment facility
    • Drive you home after
    • Stay with you during treatment
    • Stay with you the following night
  • If advised by your doctor, use a special shampoo.
The day before your procedure:
  • Do not use any hair creams or hair spray.
  • Do not eat or drink anything after midnight unless told otherwise by your doctor.
The day of your procedure:
  • Bring your regular prescription medicines with you to the hospital.
  • Do not wear jewelry, make-up, nail polish, a wig, or a hairpiece.
  • Remove any contact lenses, eyeglasses, or dentures.
  • An IV line will deliver contrast material, medicines, and fluids.

Anesthesia

  • You will receive a mild sedative to help you relax.
  • A local anesthetic may be injected to numb your scalp.

Description of Procedure

There are a few types of SRS:
Cobalt-60-based Treatment
The procedure will be done using beams of highly focused gamma rays. It is used to treat smaller brain tumors and functional brain disorders.
There are four phases to this treatment:
  • Head frame placement—Local anesthesia will be injected into the front and back of your head to numb your scalp. A box-shaped, aluminum frame will be attached to your skull with special pins. This will keep your head from moving during treatment.
  • Imaging—You will have a CT scan and/or MRI to locate the tumor. If you are being treated for an AVM, you may have a test called an angiography to locate the abnormal veins.
  • Computerized dose planning—You will relax for about an hour while your doctors plan your treatment. When they are finished, you will lie down on a special couch. Your doctor will talk to you about the number of treatments you will receive and how long they will take. Your head frame will then be attached to a helmet full of small holes. Each hole will allow a single ray of radiation to target a specific part of your brain.
  • Radiation delivery—The doctors and nurses will leave the room. Your couch will move into the treatment area. You might hear a click as the helmet locks into place. Your doctor will be able to see and hear you during the entire procedure. You will be able to talk to your doctor. You will remain still during the procedure and so will the machinery around you. You will not be able to see, feel, or hear the treatment. When treatment is complete, the couch will move back to its original position.
Linear accelerator (LINAC)-based Treatment
This treatment uses one large, powerful radiation beam. It is used to treat small and large brain tumors. You will go through the same phases listed above. During radiation delivery, part of the machine will move around you. The treatment couch will also be moved. Some newer systems can also deliver radiation to tumors of the spinal cord.
Robotic Radiosurgery System
This treatment is given using a small linear accelerator that is on top of a robotic arm. It is used to treat tumors and injuries of the brain and spine. No head frame is used.
There are three phases to this treatment:
  • Set-up—If you are being treated for a brain tumor, a special mask will be made to fit your head. No pins are needed to keep it in place. You will be given a CT scan, and possibly an MRI, with the mask in place. If you are being treated for a spinal tumor, a customized foam body cradle will be made instead of a mask. You will most likely have some small metal markers called fiducials implanted near the tumor. The markers will help guide the radiation beams during treatment. The fiducials are implanted during a short outpatient procedure. After they are in place, you will be given a CT scan.
  • Treatment planning—You may be allowed to go home while the doctors finalize your treatment plan. Actual treatment may take place that same day or several days after the set-up phase.
  • Treatment delivery—You will be fitted with your mask or body cradle and then lie down on the treatment table. X-rays will be taken before the treatment starts. After treatment begins, the robotic arm will move around you and administer radiation beams from many different angles. Sometimes the arm will stop and more x-rays will be taken.

After Procedure

If your treatment required a head frame:
  • The head frame and IV line will be removed.
  • Your head will be wrapped in gauze or small bandages will be placed at the pin sites.

How Long Will It Take?

  • Radiation delivery can take up to 2 hours for cobalt-60-based treatment and LINAC-based treatments. Robotic radiosurgery treatments can take up to 3 hours.
  • The total procedure usually takes 2-4 hours.

Will It Hurt?

  • Anesthesia prevents pain at the pin sites if a head frame is used during treatment.
  • You will feel some pressure as the head frame is attached.
  • The treatment itself causes no pain.
  • You may experience headaches or nausea a few hours after treatment. Your doctor will give you medicine to relieve any discomfort.

Post-procedure Care

Do the following to help ensure a smooth recovery after you return home:
  • You can typically return to your regular daily activities the day after the procedure.
  • Resume your regular medicines, unless told otherwise by your doctor.
  • Check with your doctor about doing any heavy lifting.
  • For about a week, avoid scrubbing the pin sites when you wash your hair.
  • Be sure to follow your doctor's instructions .
SRS works over time. It may take several months to several years to see results.
  • About one month after your procedure, your doctor will check your pin sites and do a neurological exam.
  • CT scans or MRIs will likely be done sometime after the procedure to determine if treatment was effective. The number of scans and how often you get them may vary.
  • If you were treated for an AVM, you will have a test called a cerebral angiogram two to three years after treatment. The test will determine if treatment was successful.
  • In many cases, SRS treatments can be repeated, if necessary.

Call Your Doctor

After arriving home, contact your doctor if any of the following occurs:
  • Signs of infection, including fever and chills
  • Redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or any discharge from the pin sites
  • Nausea and/or vomiting that you cannot control with the medicines you were given after surgery. Or, nausea and/or vomiting that lasts more than two days after discharge from the hospital
  • Pain that you cannot control with the medicines you have been given
  • Cough, shortness of breath, irregular heart beat, or chest pain
  • Severe headache
  • Weakness, loss of balance
  • Vision problems
  • Seizures
  • Any new symptoms, including numbness
In case of an emergency, call for medical help right away.

RESOURCES

American Association of Neurological Surgeons http://www.neurosurgerytoday.org

Radiology Info http://www.radiologyinfo.org

CANADIAN RESOURCES

Health Canada http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca

International Radiosurgical Association http://www.irsa.org

References

Linear accelerator. RadilogyInfo website. Available at: http://www.radiologyinfo.org/pdf/linac.pdf . Updated March 7, 2013. Accessed April 29, 2013.

Radiosurgery. University of Chicago Medical Center website. http://www.uchospitals.edu/online-library/content=P08476 . Accessed April 29, 2013.

Stereotactic radiosurgery: frequently asked questions. International Radiosurgical Association website. Available at: http://www.irsa.org/qa.html . Accessed April 29, 2013.

Stereotactic radiosurgery overview. International Radiosurgical Association website. Available at: http://www.irsa.org/radiosurgery.html . Accessed April 29, 2013.

What is stereotactic radiosurgery and how is it used? RadiologyInfo website. Available at: http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/therapy/stereotactic.htm . Updated March 15, 2013. Accessed April 29, 2013.

Revision Information

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.

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